Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Leakage Power Reduction in VLSI Circuits
Abstract
Leakage power is the dominant source of power dissipation in
nanometer technology. As per the International Technology Roadmap for
Semiconductors (ITRS) static power dominates dynamic power with the
advancement in technology. One of the well-known techniques used for
leakage reduction is Input Vector Control (IVC). Due to stacking effect in
IVC, it gives less leakage for the Minimum Leakage Vector (MLV) applied
at inputs of test circuit. This paper introduces Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) algorithm to the field of VLSI to find minimum leakage vector.
Another optimization algorithm called Genetic algorithm (GA) is also
implemented to search MLV and compared with PSO in terms of number of
iterations. The proposed approach is validated by simulating few test
circuits. Both GA and PSO algorithms are implemented in Verilog HDL
and the simulations are carried out using Xilinx 9.2i. From the simulation
results it is found that PSO based approach is best in finding MLV
compared to Genetic based implementation as PSO technique uses less
runtime compared to GA. To the best of the author’s knowledge PSO
algorithm is used in IVC technique to optimize power for the first time and
it is quite successful in searching MLV.
References
Ing-Chao-Lin,Chin-Hong-lin,Kuan-Hui-li, “Leakage and aging optimization using Transmission gate based technique”, IEEE Transactions on Computer aided design of integrated circuits and systems, vol.32, No.1, Jan2013.
Kaushik Roy, Saibal Mukhopadhyay and Hamid Mahmoodi-Meimand, “Leakage Current Mechanisms and Leakage Reduction Techniques in Deep-Sub micrometer CMOS Circuits,” PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 91, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2003.
Se Hun Kim, Vincent J. Moone, “Sleepy keeper:a New Approach to Low-leakage Power VLSI Design,” VLSI SOC conference, PP. 367-372,2006.
Jun Cheol Park and Vincent J.Moone III , “Sleepy Stack Leakage Reduction”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION(VLSI)SYSTEMS, vol.14, No.11, pp. 1250-1263, November 2006.
Farzan Fallah, Massoud Pedram “Standby and Active Leakage Current Control and Minimization in CMOS VLSI Circuits” in IEICE Transactions, pp.509-519,2005.
Zhanping chen,Liqiong Wei,Mark johnson,Kaushik Roy, “Estimation of standby leakage power in CMOS circuits considering Accurate modeling of Transistor stacks”, ACM transactions, international symposium on Low power electronics and design, ISLPED, pp.239-244,1998.
Nikhil Jayakumar, Sunil P Khatri, “An Algorithm to Minimize Leakage through Simultaneous Input Vector Control and Circuit Modification”, IEEE Design Automation conference,DATE07,2007.
Wei wang,Yu Hu,Yin-He Han,Xiao-Wei Li,You sheng Zhang, “Leakage current optimizations during test based on don’t care bits assignments”, Journal of computer science and technology,pp.673-680,Sep 2007.
Lin Yuan, Gang Qu, “ A combined gate replacement and input vector control approach for leakage current reduction” , IEEE transactions on very large scale integration (vlsi) systems, vol. 14, no. 2, february 2006.
Afsin abdollahi,Farzan fallah,Massoud pedram, “Leakage current reduction in CMOS vlsi circuits by input vector control”, IEEE transactions on very large scale integration (vlsi) systems, vol. 12, no. 2, february 2004.
V.LeelaRani, M.Madhavi Latha, “Implementation of genetic algorithm for minimum leakage vector in input vector control approach”, IEEE conference,SPACES,Jan2015.
Zhanping chen,Liqiong Wei,Mark johnson,Kaushik Roy, “Estimation of standby leakage power in CMOS circuits considering Accurate modeling of Transistor stacks”, ACM transactions, international symposium on Low power electronics and design, ISLPED, pp.239-244,1998.
Mehdi Kamal, AliAfzali-Kusha, SaeedSafari, MassoudPedram, “Design of NBTI-resilient extensible processors”, INTEGRATION, the VLSI Journal,vol.49,pp.22-34,2015.
Abdoul Rjoub,Almotasem Belleah Alajlouni,Hassan Almanasrah, “ A Fast input Vector Control Approach for subthreshold Leakage power reduction” , IEEE electro technical international conference,MELECON,2012.
Mourad Fakhfakh, Yann Cooren, Amin Sallem, Mourad Loulou, Patrick Siarry, “Analog circuit design optimization through the particle swarm optimization technique”, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal processinh,vol. 63, pp.71-82, Springer, 2010.
James Kennedy,Russell Eberhart, “ Partcle Swarm Optimization”, IEEE international conference, 1995.
Christopher W. Cleghorn,Andries P. Engelbrecht, “A generalized theoretical deterministic particle swarm model” , Swarm Intelligence,vol.8,pp.35-59, Springer,2014.
Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, Zbigniew Michalewicz,“ A locally convergent rotationally invariant particle swarm optimization algorithm”, Swarm Intelligence,vol.8,pp.159-198, Springer,2014.
Xiaoying Zhao, Jiangfang Yi, Dong Tong, Xu Cheng, “Leakage power reduction for cmos combinational circuits”, IEEE international conference on solid state and integrated circuit technology,2006.
Xiaotao Chang, Dongrui Fan, Yinhe Han, Zhimin Zhang, “SoC Leakage Power Reduction Algorithm by Input Vector Control” , IEEE international conference, 2005.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
