Wideband Nine-Port Reflectometer
Abstract
The paper presents a wideband nine-port reflectometer realized as a cascade connection of six- and five-port reflectometers. It is shown that such a solution allows for a convenient adjustment of circuits’ parameters in order to provide significantly reduced measurement uncertainty with respect to other reported reflectometers. Simultaneously, the proposed network features a simple and flexible design. For the experimental verification, the proposed nine-port reflectometer has been manufactured and incorporated into the system intended for reflection coefficient measurements within the frequency range 2.5 – 3.5 GHz. The obtained results are in an excellent agreement with the values measured using a commercial VNA.References
G. F. Engen, “The six-port reflectometer: An alternative network analyzer,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1075-1080, Dec. 1977.
G. F. Engen, “A (historical) review of the six-port measurement technique,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 2414-2417, Dec. 1997.
B. Laemmle, K. Schmalz, C. Scheytt, D. Kissinger, and R. Weigel, “A 122 GHz multiprobe reflectometer for dielectric sensor readout in SiGe BiCMOS technology,” in Proc. of Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium (CSICS), Waikoloa, USA, Oct. 2011, pp. 1 - 4.
R. G. Venter, R. Hou, K. Buisman, M. Spirito, K. Werner and L. C. N. de Vreede, “A package-integratable six-port reflectometer for power devices,” Int. Microw. Symp. IMS 2014, Tampa, USA, 2014, pp. 1-4.
K. Haddadi, T. Lasri, “Formulation for complete and accurate calibration of six-port reflectometers,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 574-581, March. 2012.
F. Barbon, G. Vinci, S. Lindner, R. Weigel, and A. Koelpin, “A six-port interferometer based micrometer-accuracy displacement and vibration measurmenet radar,” in Proc of. Int. Microw. Symp. IMS 2012, Montreal, Canada, June 2012, pp. 1-3.
K. Kim, N. Kim, S-H. Hwang, Y-K. Kim, and Y. Kwon, “A miniaturized broadband multi-state reflectometer integrated on a silicon MEMS probe for complex permittivity measurement of biological material,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 2205-2214, May 2013.
K. Staszek, S. Gruszczynski, and K. Wincza, “Theoretical limits and accuracy improvement of reflection coefficient measurements in six-port reflectometers,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 2966-2974, August 2013.
K. Staszek, S. Gruszczynski, and K. Wincza, “Broadband ten-port reflectometer with enhanced measurement accuracy,” in Proc. of 16th IEEE Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference, Cocoa Beach, United States 2015, pp. 1-4.
A. Askarian, G. Moradi, “Ultra wideband microwave ten-port reflectometer,” Appl. Comput. Electrom., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 61-67, January 2015.
K. Staszek, S. Gruszczynski, and K. Wincza, “Measurement accuracy enhancement in six-port reflectometers,” IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 553-555, August 2015.
K. Staszek, S. Gruszczynski, and K. Wincza, “Six-port reflectometer providing enhanced power distribution,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 939-951, March 2016.
K. Staszek, S. Gruszczynski, and K. Wincza, “Design and accuracy analysis of a broadband six-port reflectometer utilizing coupled-line directional couplers,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 1485-1490, July 2013.
K. Staszek, P. Kaminski, A. Rydosz, S. Gruszczynski, and K. Wincza, “A least-squares approach to the calibration of multiport reflectometers”, in Proc of. Int. Microw. & RF Conf., Delhi, India 2013, pp. 1-4.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.