On Correct Understanding and Classification of Saleh’s and Related Models of AM/AM and AM/PM Conversions
Abstract
In this paper, some of the existing classifications of the Saleh’s and related models of the AM/AM and AM/PM conversions occurring in communication power amplifiers (PA) are reviewed. It is shown that these classifications are inconsistent and must be refined. Obviously, carrying out such a refinement properly needs a good knowledge and correct understanding of the mechanisms leading to the AM/AM and AM/PM conversions. This was achieved in this paper by performing a thorough analysis of the PA behavior using an analytical tool, the Volterra series. The main points of this analysis are presented here in great detail. Among others, it is shown that the influence of the PA memory on the AM/PM conversion is two-fold: direct and indirect. The former can be however fully neglected. On the other hand, the indirect influence caused by “the interaction of the carrier with the PA memory” cannot be neglected when the PA has not enough wideband frequency characteristics. The latter effect mentioned causes changes in the carrier phase that are received as the phase changes of the baseband modulating signal.References
S. Benedetto, E. Biglieri, and R. Daffara, “Modeling and performance evaluation of nonlinear satellite links. - A Volterra series approach,” IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electron. Syst., vol. 15, pp. 494-507, 1979.
A. A. M. Saleh, “Frequency-independent and frequency-dependent nonlinear models of TWT amplifiers,” IEEE Trans. on Communications, vol. 29, pp. 1715-1720, 1981.
J. Joung, C. K. Ho, K. Adachi, and S. A. Sun, “Survey on power-amplifier-centric techniques for spectrum- and energy-efficient wireless communications,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 17 pp. 315-333, 2015.
A. Borys and W. Sieńko, “On modelling AM/AM and AM/PM conversions via Volterra series,” Int. Journal of Telecommunications and Electronics (JET), vol. 62, pp. 267-272, 2016.
A. Borys, “Quadrature mapping, Saleh’s representation, and memory models,” Int. Journal of Telecommunications and Electronics (JET), vol. 62, pp. 389-394, 2016.
A. Borys, “Saleh’s model of AM/AM and AM/PM conversions is not a model without memory – another proof,” Int. Journal of Telecommunications and Electronics (JET), vol. 63, pp. 73-77, 2017.
A. Yadav, D. Mazumdar, B. R. Karthikeyan, and G. R. Kadambi, “Linearization of Saleh, Ghorbani and Rapp amplifiers with Doherty technique,” SASTech Journal, vol. 9, pp. 79-86, 2010.
M. Schetzen, The Volterra and Wiener Theories of Nonlinear Systems, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980.
Z. Zhu, H. Leung, and X. Huang, “Challenges in reconfigurable radio transceivers and application of nonlinear signal processing for RF impairment mitigation,” IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol. 13, pp. 44-65, 2013.
M. O’Droma, S. Meza, and Y. Lei, “New modified Saleh models for memoryless nonlinear power amplifier behavioural modelling,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 399–401, 2009.
R. Pasricha and S. Kumar, “Power amplifier memory-less nonlinear modeling,” International Journal of the Physical Sciences, vol. 6, pp. 2644-2648, 2011.
M. C. Jeruchim, P. Balaban, and K. S. Shanmugan, Simulation of Communication Systems: Modeling, Methodology, and Techniques. New York: Springer, 2000.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
