Localization of Copy-Move Forgery in speech signals through watermarking using DCT-QIM
Abstract
Digital speech copyright protection and forgery identification are the prevalent issues in our advancing digital world. In speech forgery, voiced part of the speech signal is copied and pasted to a specific location which alters the meaning of the speech signal. Watermarking can be used to safe guard the copyrights of the owner. To detect copy-move forgeries a transform domain watermarking method is proposed. In the proposed method, watermarking is achieved through Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) rule. Hash bits are also inserted in watermarked voice segments to detect Copy-Move Forgery (CMF) in speech signals. Proposed method is evaluated on two databases and achieved good imperceptibility. It exhibits robustness in detecting the watermark and forgeries against signal processing attacks such as resample, low-pass filtering, jittering, compression and cropping. The proposed work contributes for forensics analysis in speech signals. This proposed work also compared with the some of the state-of-art methods.References
I. J. Cox, J. Kilian, F. T. Leighton, and T. Shamoon, “Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1673–1687, 1997.
P. Taylor, V. S. Verma, and R. K. Jha, “An Overview of Robust Digital Image Watermarking,” IETE Tech. Rev., no. June, pp. 1–18, 2015.
A. N. Lemma, J. Aprea, W. Oomen, and L. Van de Kerkhof, “A temporal domain audio watermarking technique,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 1088–1097, 2003.
M. Unoki and R. Miyauchi, “Robust, blindly-detectable, and semi-reversible technique of audio watermarking based on cochlear delay characteristics,” IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst., vol. E98–D, no. 1, pp. 38–48, 2015.
G. Hua, J. Goh, and V. L. L. Thing, “Time-spread echo-based audio watermarking with optimized imperceptibility and robustness,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 227–239, 2015.
A. Merrad, A. Benziane, S. Saadi, and A. Hafaifa, “Robust Blind Approach for Digital Speech Watermarking,” in 2nd International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing (ICNLSP), 2018.
A. Al-haj and A. Mohammad, “Digital Audio Watermarking Based on the Discrete Wavelets Transform and Singular Value Decomposition,” Eur. J. Sci. Res., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 6–21, 2010.
X.-Y. Wang and H. Zhao, “A novel synchronization invariant audio watermarking scheme based on DWT and DCT,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 4835–4840, 2006.
M. A. Nematollahi, H. Gamboa-Rosales, M. A. Akhaee, and S. A. R. Al-Haddad, “Semi-fragile digital speech watermarking for online speaker recognition,” EURASIP J. Audio, Speech, Music Process., vol. 2015, no. 31, pp. 1–15, 2015.
M. A. Nematollahi, H. Gamboa-rosales, M. A. Akhaee, and S. A. . Al-Haddad, “Robust Digital SpeechWatermarking For Online Speaker Recognition,” Math. Probl. Eng., vol. 2015, pp. 1–12, 2015.
S. Wang, X. Liu, X. Dang, and J. Wang, “A Robust Speech Watermarking Based On Quantization Index Modulation And Double Discrete Cosine Transform,” in 10th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI 2017), 2017.
M. A. Nematollahi, S. A. R. Al-Haddad, and F. Zarafshan, “Blind digital speech watermarking based on Eigen-value quantization in DWT,” J. King Saud Univ. - Comput. Inf. Sci., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 58–67, 2015.
H. T. Hu, S. J. Lin, and L. Y. Hsu, “Effective blind speech watermarking via adaptive mean modulation and package synchronization in DWT domain,” Eurasip J. Audio, Speech, Music Process., vol. 2017, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2017.
Subir and A. M. Joshi, “DWT-DCT based blind audio watermarking using Arnold scrambling and Cyclic codes,” in 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks, SPIN 2016, 2016, pp. 79–84.
B. Chen and G. W. Wornell, “Quantization index modulation: A class of provably good methods for digital watermarking and information embedding,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1423–1443, 2001.
P. K. Dhar and T. Shimamura, “Audio Watermarking in Transform Domain Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Cartesian-polar transformation,” Int. J. Speech Technol., vol. 17, pp. 133–144, 2014.
S. Self-recovery, S. Sarreshtedari, S. Member, and M. A. Akhaee, “A Watermarking Method for Digital Speech Self-Recovery,” IEEE/Acm Trans. Audio, Speech, Lang. Process., vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1917–1925, 2015.
VoxForge speech database “http://www.repository.voxforge1.org/downloads/SpeechCorpus/Trunk/Audio/Original/44.1kHz_16bit/tle.” .
D. Avci, T. Tuncer, and E. Avci, “A New Information Hiding Method for Audio Signals,” in 6th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS), 2018, pp. 3–6.
P. K. Dhar and T. Shimamura, “Blind Audio Watermarking in Transform Domain Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Exponential-Log Operations,” Radio Eng., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 552–561, 2017.
H. Hu and J. Chang, “Efficient and robust frame-synchronized blind audio watermarking by featuring multilevel DWT and DCT,” Cluster Comput., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 805–816, 2017.
B. Y. Lei, I. Y. Soon, and Z. Li, “Blind and robust audio watermarking scheme based on SVD-DCT,” Signal Processing, vol. 91, no. 8, pp. 1973–1984, 2011.
Z. Liu and H. Wang, “A novel speech content authentication algorithm based on Bessel–Fourier moments,” Digit. Signal Process. A Rev. J., vol. 24, pp. 197–208, 2014.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.