The Carbon Footprint Methodology in CFOOD Project
Abstract
In the paper, the research on the process of optimizing the carbon footprint to obtain the low-carbon products is presented. The optimization process and limits were analyzed based on the CFOOD project co-financed by the Polish Research and Development Agency. In the article, the carbon footprint (CF) testing methods with particular emphasis on product life cycle assessment (LCA) are discussed. The main problem is that the energy received from the energy-meters per the production stage is not directly represented in the raw data set obtained from the factory because many machines are connected to a single measurement point. In the paper, we show that in some energy-demanding production stages connected with cooling processes the energy used for the same stage and similar production can differ even 25-40%. That is why the energy optimization in the production can be very demanding.References
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, published 1.07.2019
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UN Treaty Database, published 27.06.2019
Paris Agreement. United Nations Treaty Collection, published 27.06.2019.
European Environment Agency, Increasing energy consumption is slowing EU progress in the use of renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency (in polish), published 22.03.2019
I. Pavlova-Marciniak, “Anti–smog solutions and renewable energy resources development as a way to achieve low – carbon economy”, Electrotechnical review, 95 (2019), nr.8, 1-4
H. C. J. Godfray, “Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people”, Science 327 (2010), 812–818
P. Meyfroidt, “Trade-offs between environment and livelihoods: Bridging the global land use and food security discussions”, Glob. Food Secur. 16 (2018), 9-16
M. Wróbel-Jędrzejewska, U. Stęplewska, E. Polak, „Ślad środowiskowy technologii spożywczej” (in polish), Przemysł fermentacyjny i owocowo-warzywny, (2019), 4, 26-31
M. Wróbel-Jędrzejewska, U. Stęplewska, E. Polak, „Wskaźniki oddziaływania przemysłu spożywczego na środowisko” (in polish), Przemysł Spożywczy, (2015), 9, 8-11
S. A. Ali, L. Tedone, G. De Mastro, “Optimization of the environmental performance of rainfed durum wheat by adjusting the management practices”, J. Clean. Prod., 87 (2015), 105–118
D. Bagchi, S. Biswas, Y. Narahari, P. Suresh, L. U. Lakshmi, N. Viswanadham, S. V. Subrahmanya, “Carbon Footprint Optimization: Game Theoretic Problems and Solutions”, ACM SIGecom Exchanges, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2012, pp. 34-38.
A.L. Radu, M.A. Scrieciu, D.M. Caracota, “Carbon footprint analysis: Towards a projects evaluation model for promoting sustainable development”, Proc. Econ. Finance, 6 (2013) 353-363
Z. Cuixia, L. Conghu, Z. Xi, “Optimization control method for carbon footprint of machining process”, Int J Adv Manuf Technol , 92 (2017) 1601–1607
C. Zhang, C. Liu, L. Liu, “Diagnosis and application of carbon footprint for machining workshop on energy saving and emission reduction”, Comput. Model. New Technol, 18 (2014) 265–270
B. He, W. Tang, J. Wang, S. Huang, Z. Deng, Y. Wang, “Low-carbon conceptual design based on product life cycle assessment”, Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 81(5) (2015) 863–874
ISO14040 (2006) Environmental management-life cycle assessment: principles and framework. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
ISO14064-1 (2018) Greenhouse gases - Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
PAS 2050 (2011) “The Guide to PAS2050-2011, Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services. British Standards Institution
J IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006), URL: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html, published 27.06.2019
M. Kulak, T. Nemecek, E. Frossard, G. Gaillard, “Eco-efficiency improvement by using integrative design and life cycle assessment. The case study of alternative bread supply chains in France”, J. Clean. Prod., 112 (2016), 2452–2461
M. A. Renouf, C. Renaud-Gentie, A. Perrin, C. Kanyarushoki, F. Jourjon, “Effectiveness criteria for customised agricultural life cycle assessment tools”, J. Clean. Prod., 179 (2018), 246–254
D. Perez-Neira, A. Grollmus-Venegas, “Life-cycle energy assessment and carbon footprint of peri-urban horticulture. A comparative case study of local food systems in Spain”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 172 (2018), 60-68
A. Nabavi-Pelesaraei, S. Rafiee, S. S. Mohtasebi, H. Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, K. Chau, “Energy consumption enhancement and environmental life cycle assessment in paddy production using optimization techniques”, J. Clean. Prod., 162 (2017), 571-586
ISO/TS 14067 (2018) Greenhouse gases - Carbon footprint of products - Requirements and guidelines for quantification. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
S. Elhedhli, R. Merrick, “Green supply chain network design to reduce carbon emissions”, Transp Res Part D, 17 (2012), 370-379
D. I. Patricio, R. Rieder, “Computer vision and artificial intelligence in precision agriculture for grain crops: A systematic review”, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 153 (2018) , 69-81
J. Kulczycka, M. Wernicka, „Metody i wyniki obliczania śladu węglowego działalności podmiotów branży energetycznej i wydobywczej” (in polish), Zeszyty naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 89 (2015), 133-142
ANSI/ITSDF B56.1-2016 – Safety Standard for Low Lift and High Lift Trucks
Shrink That Footprint, URL: http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electricity-emissions-around-the-world
A. Moro, L. Lonza, “Electricity carbon intensity in European Member States: Impacts on GHG emissions of electric vehicles”, Transportation Research Part D, 64 (2018) 5-14
J. Kulczycka, M. Wernicka, „Zarządzanie śladem węglowym w przedsiębiorstwach w Polsce – bariery i korzyści” (in polish), Polityka energetyczna, t.18 z.2 (2014), 61-72
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
