A Review on Feasible and Reliable Underwater Wireless Optical Communication System for Achieving High Data Rate and Longer Transmission Distance
Abstract
Underwater Wireless Optical Communication (UWOC) offers significant research prospective with major challenges in the design and implementation. UWOC is capable of providing high rate of data transmission across large distances. This paper attempts to focus on the intricacies of practical implementations and open research issues of UWOC systems. Critical advances and progresses made in the field, modelling techniques and link design challenges are summarised. The purpose of this review is to give suggestions towards feasible and reliable UWOC design with improved performance. Finally the major points are summarized so that it will assist the future research in UWOC.References
H. Kaushal and G. Kaddoum, “Underwater Optical Wireless Communication,” IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 1518–1547, 2016, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2552538.
Z. Zeng, S. Fu, H. Zhang, Y. Dong, and J. Cheng, “A Survey of Underwater Optical Wireless Communications,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 204–238, 2017, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2016.2618841.
N. Saeed, A. Celik, T. Y. Al-Naffouri, and M. S. Alouini, “Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: A survey,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 94, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2019.101935.
M. Jouhari, K. Ibrahimi, H. Tembine, and J. Ben-Othman, “Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Localization Protocols, and Internet of Underwater Things,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 96879–96899, 2019, doi: 10.1109/access.2019.2928876.
G. Cossu, “Recent achievements on underwater optical wireless communication [ Invited ],” vol. 17, no. October, 2019, doi: 10.3788/COL201917.100009.More.
J. Xu, “Underwater wireless optical communication : why , what , and how ? [ Invited ],” vol. 17, no. October, pp. 1–10, 2019, doi: 10.3788/COL201917.100007.1.
M. A. Khalighi, C. Gabriel, T. Hamza, S. Bourennane, P. Leon, and V. Rigaud, “Underwater wireless optical communication; Recent advances and remaining challenges,” Int. Conf. Transparent Opt. Networks, pp. 2–5, 2014, doi: 10.1109/ICTON.2014.6876673.
X. Sun et al., “A Review on Practical Considerations and Solutions in Underwater Wireless Optical Communication,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 421–431, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JLT.2019.2960131.
J. W. Giles and I. N. Bankman, “Part 2 : Basic Design Considerations,” Appl. Phys., pp. 1–6.
S. Zhu, X. Chen, X. Liu, G. Zhang, and P. Tian, “Recent progress in and perspectives of underwater wireless optical communication,” Prog. Quantum Electron., vol. 73, no. July, p. 100274, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100274.
M. Sui, X. Yu, and F. Zhang, “The evaluation of modulation techniques for underwater wireless optical communications,” Proc. 2009 Int. Conf. Commun. Softw. Networks, ICCSN 2009, no. April, pp. 138–142, 2009, doi: 10.1109/ICCSN.2009.97.
L. J. Johnson, “The Underwater Optical Channel,” no. November, pp. 1–18, 2012, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1295.7283.
H. M. Oubei et al., “Light based underwater wireless communications,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 57, no. 8, 2018, doi: 10.7567/JJAP.57.08PA06.
Z. Vali, A. Gholami, Z. Ghassemlooy, and D. G. Michelson, “System parameters effect on the turbulent underwater optical wireless communications link,” Optik (Stuttg)., vol. 198, no. July, p. 163153, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163153.
J. Theodore and T. J. Petzold, “UC San Diego,” 1972.
M. G. Solonenko and C. D. Mobley, “Inherent optical properties of Jerlov water types,” Appl. Opt., vol. 54, no. 17, p. 5392, 2015, doi: 10.1364/ao.54.005392.
S. K. Sahu and P. Shanmugam, “A theoretical study on the impact of particle scattering on the channel characteristics of underwater optical communication system,” Opt. Commun., vol. 408, no. May 2017, pp. 3–14, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2017.06.030.
V. Guerra, “Contribution on the study of underwater wireless optical links: channel prediction and energy efficiency [PhD thesis],” 2016.
G. M. Hale and M. R. Querry, “Optical Constants of Water in the 200-nm to 200-μm Wavelength Region,” Appl. Opt., vol. 12, no. 3, p. 555, 1973, doi: 10.1364/ao.12.000555.
W. Cox and J. Muth, “Simulating channel losses in an underwater optical communication system,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 31, no. 5, p. 920, 2014, doi: 10.1364/josaa.31.000920.
A. Alipour and A. Mir, “On the performance of blue–green waves propagation through underwater optical wireless communication system,” Photonic Netw. Commun., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 309–315, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11107-018-0781-9.
L. Johnson, R. Green, and M. Leeson, “A survey of channel models for underwater optical wireless communication,” Proc. 2013 2nd Int. Work. Opt. Wirel. Commun. IWOW 2013, pp. 1–5, 2013, doi: 10.1109/IWOW.2013.6777765.
C. T. Geldard, J. Thompson, and W. O. Popoola, “An Overview of Underwater Optical Wireless Channel Modelling Techniques: (Invited Paper),” Proceeding - 2019 Int. Symp. Electron. Smart Devices, ISESD 2019, no. 2, pp. 1–4, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ISESD.2019.8909494.
L. Zhou, Y. Zhu, and W. Zheng, “Analysis and Simulation of Link Performance for Underwater Wireless Optical Communications,” EAI Endorsed Trans. Wirel. Spectr., vol. 3, no. 12, p. 153467, 2017, doi: 10.4108/eai.12-12-2017.153467.
A. Bricaud, M. Babin, A. Morel, and H. Claustre, “Variability in the chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficients of natural phytoplankton : Analysis and parameterization phytoplankton a • h ( A ) was analyzed using a data set including 815 spectra determined chlorophyll concentration range ph values wer,” J. Geophys. Res., vol. 100, no. C7, pp. 13321–13332, 1995.
V. I. Haltrin, “One-parameter model of seawater optical properties,” Ocean Opt. XIV CD-ROM, vol. 1998, no. November, pp. 10–13, 1998.
C. Li, K. H. Park, and M. S. Alouini, “On the Use of a Direct Radiative Transfer Equation Solver for Path Loss Calculation in Underwater Optical Wireless Channels,” IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 561–564, 2015, doi: 10.1109/LWC.2015.2459697.
S. Jaruwatanadilok, “Channel Modeling and Performance Evaluation using Vector Radiative Transfer Theory,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 1620–1627, 2008, [Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=4686801.
S. Tang, Y. Dong, and X. Zhang, “On path loss of NLOS underwater wireless optical communication links,” Ocean. 2013 MTS/IEEE Bergen Challenges North. Dimens., pp. 4–6, 2013, doi: 10.1109/OCEANS-Bergen.2013.6608002.
S. Tang, Y. Dong, and X. Zhang, “On link misalignment for underwater wireless optical communications,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 1688–1690, 2012, doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2012.081612.121225.
J. Liu and Y. Dong, “On capacity of underwater optical wireless links under weak oceanic turbulence,” Ocean. 2016 - Shanghai, 2016, doi: 10.1109/OCEANSAP.2016.7485523.
J. Li, “Monte Carlo study on pulse response of underwater optical channel,” Opt. Eng., vol. 51, no. 6, p. 066001, 2012, doi: 10.1117/1.oe.51.6.066001.
Y. Li, M. S. Leeson, and X. Li, “Impulse response modeling for underwater optical wireless channels,” Appl. Opt., vol. 57, no. 17, p. 4815, 2018, doi: 10.1364/ao.57.004815.
J. Zhang, L. Kou, Y. Yang, F. He, and Z. Duan, “Monte-Carlo-based optical wireless underwater channel modeling with oceanic turbulence,” Opt. Commun., vol. 475, no. June, p. 126214, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126214.
R. Sahoo, S. K. Sahu, and P. Shanmugam, “Estimation of the channel characteristics of a vertically downward optical wireless communication link in realistic oceanic waters,” Opt. Laser Technol., vol. 116, no. October 2018, pp. 144–154, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.03.023.
C. Fei, X. Hong, J. Du, and G. Zhang, “High-speed underwater wireless optical communications : from a perspective of advanced modulation formats [ Invited ],” vol. 17, no. October, pp. 1–8, 2019, doi: 10.3788/COL201917.100012.As.
M. Sharifzadeh and M. Ahmadirad, “Performance analysis of underwater wireless optical communication systems over a wide range of optical turbulence,” Opt. Commun., vol. 427, no. July, pp. 609–616, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2018.07.029.
R. Cai, M. Zhang, D. Dai, Y. Shi, and S. Gao, “Analysis of the underwater wireless optical communication channel based on a comprehensive multiparameter model,” Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 13, 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11136051.
Y. Ata, J. Yao, and O. Korotkova, “BER variation of an optical wireless communication system in underwater turbulent medium with any temperature and salinity concentration,” Opt. Commun., vol. 485, no. October 2020, p. 126751, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2021.126751.
K. Nakamura, I. Mizukoshi, and M. Hanawa, “Optical wireless transmission of 405 nm, 145 Gbit/s optical IM/DD-OFDM signals through a 48 m underwater channel,” Opt. Express, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 1558, 2015, doi: 10.1364/oe.23.001558.
H. M. Oubei, C. Li, K.-H. Park, T. K. Ng, M.-S. Alouini, and B. S. Ooi, “23 Gbit/s underwater wireless optical communications using directly modulated 520 nm laser diode,” Opt. Express, vol. 23, no. 16, p. 20743, 2015, doi: 10.1364/oe.23.020743.
H. M. Oubei et al., “48 Gbit/s 16-QAM-OFDM transmission based on compact 450-nm laser for underwater wireless optical communication,” Opt. Express, vol. 23, no. 18, p. 23302, 2015, doi: 10.1364/oe.23.023302.
H. H. Lu et al., “An 8 m/9.6 Gbps underwater wireless optical communication system,” IEEE Photonics J., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1–7, 2016, doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2016.2601778.
C. Shen et al., “20-meter underwater wireless optical communication link with 15 Gbps data rate,” Opt. Express, vol. 24, no. 22, p. 25502, 2016, doi: 10.1364/oe.24.025502.
S. Karp et al., “data rate based on a green laser with NRZ-OOK modulation Voltage ( V ) Data rate ( Gbps ),” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 6, no. c, pp. 2–3, 2017, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2015.2458511.
P. Tian et al., “High-speed underwater optical wireless communication using a blue GaN-based micro-LED,” Opt. Express, vol. 25, no. 2, p. 1193, 2017, doi: 10.1364/oe.25.001193.
C. Li, H. Lu, and Y. Huang, “50 Gb/s PAM4 underwater wireless optical communication systems across the water–air–water interface [Invited],” Chinese Opt. Lett., vol. 17, no. 10, p. 100004, 2019, doi: 10.3788/COL201917.100004.
J. Wang, C. Lu, S. Li, and Z. Xu, “100 m/500 Mbps underwater optical wireless communication using an NRZ-OOK modulated 520 nm laser diode,” Opt. Express, vol. 27, no. 9, p. 12171, 2019, doi: 10.1364/oe.27.012171.
H. M. Oubei, R. T. ElAfandy, K. H. Park, T. K. Ng, M. S. Alouini, and B. S. Ooi, “Performance evaluation of underwater wireless optical communications links in the presence of different air bubble populations,” 30th Annu. Conf. IEEE Photonics Soc. IPC 2017, vol. 2017-Janua, no. 2, pp. 441–448, 2017, doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2017.2682198.
M. Kong et al., “Underwater wireless optical communication using an arrayed transmitter/receiver and optical superimposition-based PAM-4 signal,” Opt. Express, vol. 26, no. 3, p. 3087, 2018, doi: 10.1364/oe.26.003087.
P. Tian, H. Chen, and P. Wang, “Absorption and scattering effects of Maalox , chlorophyll , and sea salt on a micro-LED-based underwater wireless optical communication [ Invited ],” vol. 17, no. October, pp. 1–8, 2019, doi: 10.3788/COL201917.100010.Underwater.
M. Singh, M. L. Singh, G. Singh, H. Kaur, Priyanka, and S. Kaur, “Modeling and performance evaluation of underwater wireless optical communication system in the presence of different sized air bubbles,” Opt. Quantum Electron., vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 1–15, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11082-020-02638-5.
J. Li et al., “A Real-Time, Full-Duplex System for Underwater Wireless Optical Communication: Hardware Structure and Optical Link Model,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 109372–109387, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3001213.
X. Hong, J. I. Du, Y. Wang, R. Chen, and J. Tian, “Experimental Demonstration of 55-m / 2-Gbps Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Using SiPM Diversity Reception and Nonlinear Decision-Feedback Equalizer,” vol. 10, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3170889.
M. F. Ali, D. N. K. Jayakody, and Y. Li, “Recent Trends in Underwater Visible Light Communication (UVLC) Systems,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 22169–22225, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3150093.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.