Analysis of Compressed Data Stream Content in HEVC Video Encoder
Abstract
In this paper, a detailed analysis of the content of the bitstream, produced by the HEVC video encoder is presented. With the use of the HM 10.0 reference software the following statistics were investigated: 1) the amount of data in the encoded stream related to individual frame types, 2) the relationship between the value of the QP and the size of the bitstream at the output of the encoder, 3) contribution of individual types of data to I and B frames. The above mentioned aspects have been thoroughly explored for a wide range of target bitrates. The obtained results became the basis for highlighting guidelines that allow for efficient bitrate control in the HEVC encoder.References
W. A. Pearlman, A. Said, Digital Signal Compression. Principles and Practice, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
J. W. Woods, Multidimensional Signal, Image, and Video Processing and Coding, Second Edition, Elsevier, 2011.
G. J. Sullivan, J.-R. Ohm, W.-J. Han, T. Wiegand, Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1649–1668, December 2012.
ISO/IEC and ITU-T, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), ISO/IEC 23008-2 (MPEG-H Part 2) / ITU-T Rec. H.265, April 2013.
J.-R. Ohm, G. J. Sullivan, H. Schwarz, T.-K. Tan; T. Wiegand, Comparison of the Coding Efficiency of Video Coding Standards - Including High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1669–1684, December 2012
T. Grajek, M. Domański, New model of MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 video encoders, 17th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 961–964, September 2010.
T. Grajek, M. Domański, Single Frame Rate-Quantization Model for MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 Video Encoders, Lecture Notes in Computer Science - Computer Vision and Graphics, pp. 384–391, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.
J. Lainema, K. Ugur, A. Hallapuro, Single entropy coder for HEVC with a high throughput binarization mode, Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, Doc. JCTVC-G569, Geneva, Switzerland, November 2011.
V. Sze, M. Budagavi, High Throughput CABAC Entropy Coding in HEVC, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1778–1791, December 2012.
J. Stankowski, D. Karwowski, T. Grajek, K. Wegner, J. Siast, K. Klimaszewski, O. Stankiewicz, M. Domański, Bitrate Distribution of Syntax Elements in the HEVC Encoded Video, International Conference on Signals and Electronic Systems (ICSES), Poznan, Poland, 2014.
HEVC test model reference software available online: https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/
F. Bossen, Common test conditions and software reference configurations, Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITUT SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, Doc. JCTVC-J1100, Stockholm, Sweden, July 2012.
F. Bossen, CE1: Table-based bit estimation for CABAC, Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, Document: JCTVC-G763, Geneva, Switzerland, November 2011.
W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, B. P. Flannery, Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific Computing, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
T. Chiang, Y.-Q. Zhang, A new rate control scheme using quadratic rate distortion model, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 7, pp. 246–250, 1997.
M. Domański, A. Łuczak, Simple global model of an MPEG-2 bitstream, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, ICME, pp. 645–648, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2002.
S. C. Lim, H. R. Na, Y. L. Lee, Rate control based on linear regression for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 39–58, Elsevier, 2007.
Y. Zhou, Y. Sun, Z. Feng, S. Sun, New rate-distortion modeling and efficient rate control for H.264/AVC video coding, Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 345–356, Elsevier, 2009.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.