Analog Reconfigurable Circuits

Andrzej Malcher, Piotr Falkowski

Abstract


The aim of this paper is to present an overview of a new branch of analog electronics represented by analog reconfigurable circuits. The reconfiguration of analog circuits has been known and used since the beginnings of electronics, but the universal reconfigurable circuits called Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA) have been developed over the last two decades. This paper presents the classification of analog circuit reconfiguration, examples of FPAA solutions obtained as academic projects and commercially available ones, as well as some application examples of the dynamic reconfiguration of FPAA.

 


Full Text:

PDF

References


B. Pankiewicz, M. Wojcikowski, S. Szczepanski, and Y. Sun, “A Field Programmable Analog Array for CMOS Continuous Time OTA-C Filter Applications,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 125–136, 2002.

E. A. Soliman and S. A. Mahmoud, “Digitally Controlled CMOS Balanced Output Transconductor and Application to Variable Gain Amplifier and Gm-C Filter on Field Programmable Analog Array,” Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 667– 671, 2005.

J. Becker, F. Henrici, S. Trendelenburg, M. Ortmanns, and Y. Manoli, “A Field-Programmable Analog Array of 55 Digitally Tunable OTAs in a Hexagonal Lattice,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 2759–2768, 2008.

E. A. Soliman and S. A. Mahmoud, “Voltage-mode Field Programmable Analog Array using Second Generation Current Conveyor,” in 2012 IEEE 55th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), 2012, pp. 710–713.

V. C. Gaudet and P. G. Gulak, “CMOS implementation of a current conveyor-based field-programmable analog array,” in Proceedings of Conference of Signals, Systems and Computers, November 1997, pp. 1156–1159, vol. 2.

D. Abramson, J. D. Gray, S. Subramanian, and P. Hasler, “A fieldprogrammable analog array using translinear elements,” in Proceedings of 5th International Workshop System-on-Chip for Real-Time Applications, 2005, pp. 425–428.

D. Fernandez, L. Martinez-Alvarado, and J. Madrenas, “A Translinear, Log-Domain FPAA on Standard CMOS Technology,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 490–503, 2012.

Cypress homepage, “CY8C29466, CY8C29566, CY8C29666, CY8C29866: PSoC Programmable System-on-ChipTM,” http://www.cypress.com/?docID=45257 (accessed 2014).

Anadigm homepage, “AN121/221E04 User Manual,” http://www.anadigm.com/dpasp.asp (accessed 2014).

Anadigm homepage, “AN221E04 Datasheet – Dynamically Reconfigurable FPAA With Enhanced I/O,” Datasheet for Anadigm, http://www.anadigm.com/ doc/DS030100-U006.pdf, 2003.

Anadigm homepage, “AN231E04 Datasheet Rev.1.1 – Dynamically Reconfigurable dpASP,” Datasheet for Anadigm, http://www.anadigm.com/ doc/D0S231000-U001.pdf , 2008.

S. Chang, B. Hayes-Gill, and C. Paull, “Multi-function block for a switched current ?eld programmable analogue array,” in Proceedings of IEEE 39th Midwest Symposium Circuits Systems, 1996, pp. 158–161, vol. 1.

T. S. Hall, “Field Programmable Analog Arrays: A Floating-Gate Approach,” Ph.D. dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 2004.

A. Basu, S. Brink, C. Schlottmann, and S. Ramakrishnan, “A Floating- Gate-Based Field-Programmable Analog Array,” IEEE Journal of Solid- State Circuits, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1781–1794, 2010.

C. M. Twigg and P. Hasler, “A Large-Scale Reconfigurable Analog Signal Processor (RASP) IC,” in Proceedings of IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, San Jose, USA, 2006, pp. 5–8.

F. Henrici, J. Becker, S. Trendelenburg, D. DeDorigo, M. Ortmanns, and Y. Manoli, “A Field Programmable Analog Array using Floating Gates for High Resolution Tuning,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Taipei, Taiwan, 2009, pp. 265– 268.

C. A. Looby and C. Lyden, “Op-amp based CMOS field-programmable analogue array,” in Proceedings Of IEE Circuits, Devices and Systems, April 2000, pp. 93–95, vol. 147.

E. Ramsden, “The ispPAC family of reconfigurable analog circuits,” in Proceedings of The Third NASA/DoD Workshop on Evolvable Hardware, 2001, pp. 176–181.

Lattice Semiconductor Corporation , “IspPAC30 – In-System Programmable Analog Circuit,” Datasheet for Lattice Semiconductor, http://www.latticesemi.com/lit/docs/datasheets/pac/pac30.pdf, 2002.

Zetex Semiconductors Ltd., “Totally reconfigurable analog circuit: TRAC,” 1999.

A. Bratt, “Motorola field programmable analogue arrays, present hardware and future trends,” in Proceedings of IEE Half-day Colloquium on Evolvable Hardware Systems, London, UK, 1998, pp. 1/1–1/5, no. 1988/233.

L. Znamirowski, O. Palusinski, and C. Reiser, “Optimization technique for dynamic reconfiguration of programmable analog/digital arrays,” Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 31, pp. 19–30, 2002.

A. Malcher and Z. Kidon, “Some properties of FPAA-based Analog Signal Processing,” in Proceedings of 9th International IFAC Workshop on Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems, Roznov pod Radhostem, Czech Republic, 2009, pp. 188–193.

A. Piłat, “Control Toolbox for Industrial Programmable Analog Controller – Embedding State Feedback Controller,” in Proceedings of 2012 IEEE 17th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA), Krakow, 2012, pp. 1–4.

A. Piłat, “The Programmable Analog Controller. Static and Dynamic Configuration, as exemplified for Active Magnetic Levitation,” Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Electrical Review), vol. 88, no. 4b/2012, pp. 283–287, 2012.

A. Piłat and K. Klocek, “Investigation of chained analog signal processors in programmable analog computer,” in Proceedings of Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems, Brno, Czech Republic, 2012, pp. 289–293, vol. 11 Part 1.

A. Piłat and J. Kloocek, “Programmable Analog Hard Real-Time Controller,” Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Electrical Review), vol. 89, no. 3a/2013, pp. 38–46, 2013.

A. Baccigalupi and A. Liccardo, “Field Programmable Analog Arrays for Conditioning Ultrasonic Sensors,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1176–1182, 2007.

P. Falkowski and A. Malcher, “Audio signal processing based on dynamically programmable analog arrays,” in Proceedings of 2010 International Conference on Signals and Electronic Systems (ICSES), 2010, pp. 29–32.

P. Falkowski and A. Malcher, “Dynamically programmable analog arrays in acoustic frequency range signal processing,” Metrology and Measurement Systems, vol. 18, no. 1/2011, pp. 77–89, 2011.

U. Zolzer, DAFX: Digital Audio Effects. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002.

D. Morales, A. Garcia, E. Castillo, M. Carvajal, J. Banqueri, and A. Palma, “Flexible ECG acquisition system based on analog and digital reconfigurable devices,” Sensors and Actuators, vol. 165, no. 2, pp. 261– 270, 2011.

D. Morales, A. Garcia, E. Castillo, M. Carvajal, J. Banqueri, and A. Palma, “An application of reconfigurable technologies for noninvasive fetal heart rate extraction,” Medical Engineering & Physics, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 1005–1014, July 2013.

P. R. S. Sanches, A. F. Muller, L. Carro, A. A. Susin, and P. Nohama, “Analog reconfigurable technologies for EMG signal processing,” Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Biomedica, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 153–157, 2007.

G. Domenech-Asensi, J. Martinez-Alajarin, R. Ruiz-Merino, and J. A. Lopez-Alcantud, “Synthesis on FPAA of a Smart Sthetoscope Analog Subsystem,” in Proceedings of FPL ’06. International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications, 2006, pp. 1–5.

A. Malcher, S. Pietraszek, and T. Przybyła, “Hybrid QRS Detection Circuit Based on Dynamic Reconfigurable Field Programmable Analog Array,” in Proceedings of 10th International IFAC Workshop on Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems, Pszczyna-Gliwice, Poland, 2010, pp. 69–74.

A. Malcher, S. Pietraszek, T. Przybyla, and Z. Kidon, “Real Time QRS Detector Based on Field Programmable Analog Array,” Journal of Medical Informatics and Technologies, vol. 13/2009, pp. 183–188, 2009.

D. Komorowski, A. Malcher, and S. Pietraszek, “Hybrid system of ECG signal acquisition and QRS complexes detection for special medical devices synchronization,” Journal of Medical Informatics and Technologies, vol. 22, pp. 227–234, 2013.

J. Mocha, A. Sobotnicki, M. Czerw, and P. Gibinski, “QRS complexes detector for synchronization of ventricular assist device,” Journal of Medical Informatics and Technologies, pp. 35–41, 2010, vol. 16/2010.

G. Schitter and N. Phan, “Field programmable analog array (FPAA) based control of an atomic force microscope,” in Proceedings of American Control Conference, 2008, pp. 2690–2695.

I. Lita, D. A. Visan, and I. B. Cioc, “FPAA based PID controller with applications in the nuclear domain,” in Proceedings of 32nd International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE), Brno, Czech Republic, 2009, pp. 1–4.

Z. Wei and L. Yuanxiang, “A self-adapted pid system based on intrinsic evolvable hardware,” in Proceedings of International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Hong Kong, March 2008, pp. 19–21.

R. Stala and M. Gurbiel, “Practical realization of state detection of contactless electrical energy transmission system using field programmable analog array – FPAA,” Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Electrical Review), vol. 81, no. 7-8, pp. 91–97, 2005.

A. Deese, J. C. Jimenez, and C. O. Nwankpa, “Utilization of field programmable analog arrays (FPAA) to emulate power system dynamics,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Taipei, Taiwan, 2009, pp. 1713–1716.

D. P. Morales, A. Garcia, A. J. Palma, M. A. Carvajal, E. Castillo, and L. F. Capitan-Vallvey, “Enhancing ADC resolution through Field Programmable Analog Array dynamic reconfiguration,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), Heidelberg, Germany, 2008, pp. 635–638.

R. Suszynski and K. Wawryn, “Prototyping of higher order ?? ADC based on implementation of a FPAA,” in Proceedings of 2012 International Conferenc Signals and Electronic Systems (ICSES), Wroclaw, Poland, 2012, pp. 1–4.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
is a periodical of Electronics and Telecommunications Committee
of Polish Academy of Sciences

eISSN: 2300-1933