Active Inductor with Feedback Resistor Based Voltage Controlled Oscillator Design for Wireless Applications
Abstract
This paper presents active inductor based VCO design for wireless applications based on analysis of active inductor models (Weng-Kuo Cascode active inductor & Liang Regular Cascode active inductor) with feedback resistor technique. Embedment of feedback resistor results in the increment of inductance as well as the quality factor whereas the values are 125.6@2.4GHz (Liang) and 98.7@3.4GHz (Weng- Kuo). The Weng-Kuo active inductor based VCO shows a tuning frequency of 1.765GHz ~2.430GHz (31.7%), while consuming a power of 2.60 mW and phase noise of -84.15 dBc/Hz@1MHz offset. On the other hand, Liang active inductor based VCO shows a frequency range of 1.897GHz ~2.522GHz (28.28%), while consuming a power of 1.40 mW and phase noise of -80.79 dBc/Hz@1MHz offset. Comparing Figure-of-Merit (FoM), power consumption, output power and stability in performance, designed active inductor based VCOs outperform with the state-of-the-art.
References
A. D. Berny and A. M. Niknejad and R. G. Meyer, "A 1.8-GHz LC VCO With 1.3-GHz Tuning Range and Digital Amplitude Calibration," IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 909-917, Aprill 2005.
Namrata Prasad, R. S. Gamad and C. B. Kushwah, "Design of a 2.2-4.0 GHz Low Phase Noise and Low Power LC VCO," (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 15-18, December 2009.
R. M. Weng and M. Y. Sie and C. Y. Liu, "A Low Power CMOS VCO for IEEE 802.11a Applications," in 2007 IEEE International Workshop on Radio-Frequency Integration Technology, Singapore, 2007, pp. 244-246.
S. Diao and Y. Wang and C. Wang and F. Lin and C. H. Heng, "VCO Design for Low-Power, High-Efficiency Transmitter Applications," in 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Radio-Frequency Integration Technology, Hefei, China, 2014, pp. 1-4.
V. Unnikrishnan and M. Vesterbacka and A. Alvandpour, "VCO-Based ADCs for IoT Applications," in 2016 International Symposium on Integrated Circuits (ISIC), Singapore, 2016, pp. 1-4.
M. T. Amin, "On the selection of passive elements for low phase noise LC tank VCO in 65 nm process," 2016 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Communication Technology (ICEEICT), Dhaka, 2016, pp. 1-5.
V. Macaitis and R. Navickas, "CMOS technology based LC VCO review," in 2015 Open Conference of Electrical, Electronic and Information Sciences (eStream), Vilnius, Lithuania, 2015, pp. 1-4.
J. Laskar and R. Mukhopadhyay and C. H. Lee, "Active Inductor-Based Oscillator: A Promising Candidate for Low-Cost Low-Power Multi-Standard Signal Generation," in 2007 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, Long Beach, CA, USA, 2007, pp. 31-34.
J. T. Yang, S. K. Hsieh and P. J. Tsai, "A Wide Tuning Range Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Active Inductors for Bluetooth Applications," in CSS'10 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Circuits, systems and signals, Corfu Island, Greece, 2010, pp. 39-42.
R. M. Weng and R. C. Kuo, "An ω0-Q Tunable CMOS Active Inductor for RF Bandpass Filters," in 2007 International Symposium on Signals, Systems and Electronics, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2007, pp. 571-574.
K. Manetakis and S. M. Park and A. Payne and S. Setty and A. Thanachayanont and C. Toumazou, "Wideband CMOS analog cells for video and wireless communications," in Proceedings of Third International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems, Rodos, Greece, Greece, 1996, pp. 227-230.
K. H. LIANG, C. C. HO, C. W. KUO and Y. J. CHAN, "CMOS RF Band-Pass Filter Design Using the High Quality Active Inductor," IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics, vol. E88-C, no. 12, pp. 2372-2376, Dec. 2005.
M. Haase and V. Subramanian and Tao Zhang and A. Hamidian, "Comparison of CMOS VCO Topologies," in 6th Conference on Ph.D. Research in Microelectronics Electronics, Berlin, Germany, 2010, pp. 1-4.
J. Jalil, M. B. I. Reaz, M. A. M. Ali1 and T. G. Chang, "A Low Power 3-Stage Voltage-Controlled Ring Oscillator in 0.18 μm CMOS Process for Active RFID Transponder," ELEKTRONIKA IR ELEKTROTECHNIKA, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 69-72, 2013.
T.I. Ahrens and T.H. Lee, "A 1.4-GHz 3-mW CMOS LC low phase noise VCO using tapped bond wire inductances," in 1998 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, Monterey, 1998, pp. 16-19.
H. B.i Kiaa, A. K. A’aina and I. Groutb, "Wide tuning-range CMOS VCO based on a tunable active inductor," International Journal of Electronics, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 88-97, December 2014.
N. C. Shirazi, E. Abiri and R. Hamzehyan, "A 5.5 GHz Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) with a Differential Tunable Active and Passive Inductor," International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 493-497, September 2013.
A. Saberkari and S. Seifollahi, "Wide tuning range CMOS Colpitts VCO based on tunable active inductor," Majlesi Journal of Telecommunication Devices, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 11-15, March 2012.
G. Szczepkowski and G. Baldwin and R. Farrell, "Wideband 0.18 um CMOS VCO using active inductor with negative resistance," in 2007 18th European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design, Seville, Spain, 2007, pp. 990-993.
R. Mukhopadhyay and Yunseo Park and P. Sen and N. Srirattana and Jongsoo Lee and Chang-Ho Lee and S. Nuttinck and A. Joseph and J. D. Cressler and J. Laskar, "Reconfigurable RFICs in Si-Based Technologies for a Compact Intelligent RF Front-End," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 81-93, January 2005.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
