Comparison of openEHR open-source servers
Abstract
Medical information systems could benefit from electronic health records management using openEHR. On the other hand, such a standard adds an additional software layer to the system, which might impact performance. In this article, we present an in-depth comparison of open-source openEHR servers and propose tools for testing them. Load tests for selected open-source servers were prepared using Apache JMeter. Statistics of elapsed time of requests and throughput of each solution were calculated. Results show that open-source openEHR servers significantly differ in performance and stability and prove that load testing should be a crucial part of a development process.References
“openEHR Home.” https://www.openehr.org/ (accessed Dec. 07, 2022).
I. D. Pǎun et al., “Local EHR management based on openEHR and EN13606,” J Med Syst, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 585–590, Aug. 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-009-9395-1
B. Christensen and G. Ellingsen, “Evaluating Model-Driven Development for large-scale EHRs through the openEHR approach,” Int J Med Inform, vol. 89, pp. 43–54, May 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.02.004
L. Min, Q. Tian, X. Lu, and H. Duan, “Modeling EHR with the openEHR approach: An exploratory study in China Philip Payne,” BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–15, Aug. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0650-6
F. Hak, D. Oliveira, N. Abreu, P. Leuschner, A. Abelha, and M. Santos, “An OpenEHR Adoption in a Portuguese Healthcare Facility,” in Procedia Computer Science, Elsevier B.V., Jan. 2020, pp. 1047–1052. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.075
G. M. Bacelar-Silva, H. César, P. Braga, and R. Guimarães, “OpenEHR-based pervasive health information system for primary care: First Brazilian experience for public care,” Proceedings of CBMS 2013 - 26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, pp. 572–573, 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.2013.6627881
J. Buck, S. Garde, C. D. Kohl, and P. Knaup-Gregori, “Towards a comprehensive electronic patient record to support an innovative individual care concept for premature infants using the openEHR approach,” Int J Med Inform, vol. 78, no. 8, pp. 521–531, Aug. 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2009.03.001
C. Pahl et al., “Role of OpenEHR as an open source solution for the regional modelling of patient data in obstetrics,” J Biomed Inform, vol. 55, pp. 174–187, Jun. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2015.04.004
R. Chen, P. Georg-Hemming, and H. Åhlfeldt, “Representing a chemotherapy guideline using openEHR and rules,” in Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, IOS Press, 2009, pp. 653–657. doi: https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-044-5-653
M. Li et al., “Development of an openEHR Template for COVID-19 Based on Clinical Guidelines,” J Med Internet Res, vol. 22, no. 6, p. e20239, Jun. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/20239
L. Min, Q. Tian, X. Lu, J. An, and H. Duan, “An openEHR based approach to improve the semantic interoperability of clinical data registry,” BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 15, Mar. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0596-8
S. Garde, E. Hovenga, J. Buck, and P. Knaup, “Expressing clinical data sets with openEHR archetypes: A solid basis for ubiquitous computing,” Int J Med Inform, vol. 76, no. SUPPL. 3, pp. S334–S341, Dec. 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2007.02.004
C. D. Kohl, S. Garde, and P. Knaup, “Facilitating secondary use of medical data by using openEHR archetypes,” in Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, IOS Press, 2010, pp. 1117–1121. doi: https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-588-4-1117
A. Wulff, B. Haarbrandt, E. Tute, M. Marschollek, P. Beerbaum, and T. Jack, “An interoperable clinical decision-support system for early detection of SIRS in pediatric intensive care using openEHR,” Artif Intell Med, vol. 89, pp. 10–23, Jul. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2018.04.012
F. Khennou, Y. I. Khamlichi, and N. E. H. Chaoui, “Improving the use of big data analytics within electronic health records: A case study based OpenEHR,” in Procedia Computer Science, Elsevier B.V., Jan. 2018, pp. 60–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.01.098
J. N. S. Rubí and P. R. L. Gondim, “IoMT platform for pervasive healthcare data aggregation, processing, and sharing based on oneM2M and openEHR,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 19, no. 19, p. 4283, Oct. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194283
Y. Yang, H. Xu, B. Qi, X. Niu, M. Li, and D. Zhao, “Stroke screening data modeling based on openEHR and NINDS Stroke CDE,” Proceedings - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine, BIBM 2020, pp. 2147–2152, Dec. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/BIBM49941.2020.9313127
J. Kryszyn, K. Cywoniuk, W. T. Smolik, D. Wanta, P. Wróblewski, and M. Midura, “Performance of an openEHR based hospital information system,” Int J Med Inform, vol. 162, p. 104757, Jun. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMEDINF.2022.104757
“GitHub - ppazos/cabolabs-ehrserver: Open platform to manage and share standardized clinical data, designed by @ppazos at CaboLabs Health Informatics.” https://github.com/ppazos/cabolabs-ehrserver (accessed May 13, 2023).
“ehrbase/ehrbase: An open source openEHR server.” https://github.com/ehrbase/ehrbase (accessed May 13, 2023).
“GitHub - ethercis/ethercis.” https://github.com/ethercis/ethercis (accessed May 13, 2023).
“Clinical Knowledge Manager.” https://ckm.openehr.org/ckm/templates/1013.26.80 (accessed May 26, 2023).
“ppazos/openEHR-OPT: Java/Groovy Support of openEHR Operational Templates, Reference Model, Data Generators and other tools for www.CaboLabs.com projects.” https://github.com/ppazos/openEHR-OPT (accessed May 26, 2023).
“jkryszyn/openehr-test-suite: JMeter test suite for openEHR servers: EHRServer and EHRbase.” https://github.com/jkryszyn/openehr-test-suite (accessed May 26, 2023).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.